Isitifiketi Sokukhanya Kwasolwandle: Izindinganiso Ezi-7 Ezibalulekile

Uma uthenga imishini yokukhanyisa yemikhumbi yezentengiselwano, amapulatifomu asogwini noma imikhumbi esebenzayo, isitifiketi sokukhanya kwasolwandle asiyona neze into ehlelekile, kodwa siyisiqinisekiso esiyisisekelo sokuthobela imithetho, ukuphepha kwabasebenzi kanye nokufinyelela emakethe yomhlaba wonke. Isibani esingaqinisekisiwe singabangela ukuvalelwa echwebeni noma ngisho nokuholela ekwehlulekeni komshuwalense wemikhumbi. Kungase kuholele ngisho nasengozini yokushayisana kolwandle emshwalenseni omkhulu.

Lo mhlahlandlela uhlanganisa lonke ulwazi abaphathi bokuthenga, abaqhubi bemikhumbi kanye nabathengi bemishini yasolwandle abaludingayo ukuze babe nolwazi oluphelele ekuqinisekisweni kokukhanya kwasolwandle: izinhlangano ezinkulu eziyi-7 zokuqinisekisa, inqubo ephelele yokuvunyelwa kohlobo, kanye nendlela yokufanisa isitifiketi esifanele nohlobo oluthile lomkhumbi.

Kuyini isitifiketi sokukhanya kwasolwandle?

Isitifiketi sokukhanya kwasolwandle siyinqubo esemthethweni. Imishini yokukhanyisa ehlanganisa izibani zokuzulazula, izibani ezingaqhumi, izibani zezikhukhula kanye nezibani zokusesha, kumele ihlolwe futhi ivunywe yiziphathimandla zomhlaba wonke ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo ihlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuphepha ezidingekayo, ukusebenza kanye nokuqina kwemvelo.

Isitifiketi sikhishwa ngokusemthethweni yizinhlangano zokuhlukanisa kanye nezinhlangano zezindinganiso ngemuva kokuba umkhiqizo usuqedile ukubuyekezwa komklamo, ukuhlolwa kwephrothokholi kanye nokuhlolwa kokukhiqiza. Isitifiketi sokugcina sokuvunyelwa kohlobo sikhishwa endaweni yokubeka imikhumbi, abaphathi bezwe, inkampani yomshuwalense kanye neziphathimandla zechweba, okubonisa ukuthi imishini ihlangabezana nezidingo zomkhumbi wokuhlukanisa.

Kungani Ukukhanya Kwasolwandle Kungeyona Inketho?

Indawo yokusebenza yasolwandle ingenye yezindawo ezinzima kakhulu emhlabeni. Imishini ivezwa ku-salty spray, ukujikeleza kwezinga lokushisa okukhulu, ukudlidliza komshini kanye nomoya oqothulayo isikhathi eside. Imikhiqizo yokukhanyisa efanelekile ezitshalweni zezimboni ingaba nokwehluleka okukhulu olwandle. Isitifiketi siqinisekisa ukuthi izibani zihlolwe ngokuzimela ngaphansi kwezimo zangempela ezingenhla.

Ngaphezu kokusebenza komkhiqizo, ukukhanya kwasolwandle okuqinisekisiwe kuletha nezindinganiso ezintathu ezibalulekile zezentengiselwano:

• Ukuhambisana nomthetho: I-SOLAS idinga ukuthi izibani zokuzulazula kanye nemishini ehlobene nayo ivunyelwe uhlobo yigunya elifanele (ukuvunyelwa kohlobo). Imikhumbi engahambisani nemithetho ibhekene nengozi yokuboshwa yisifundazwe kanye nezijeziso zesifundazwe.
• Ukusebenza komshwalense: Ababhali bezimali ngokuvamile basebenzisa imishini eqinisekisiwe njengenye yemibandela yokumbozwa kwesakhiwo semikhumbi nemishini. Izibani ezingaqinisekisiwe zingase ziholele enqubomgomo engasebenzi.
• Ukufinyelela emakethe: Izitolo zemikhumbi nabanikazi bemikhumbi ezimakethe ezilawulwayo njengeYurophu, iNyakatho Melika, kanye neMpumalanga Asia ngeke bafake imikhiqizo yokukhanyisa engenazo iziqinisekiso, okwenza isitifiketi sibe yimfuneko yokubamba iqhaza ezindleleni zokuphakelwa komhlaba wonke.

Izinhlangano Eziyi-7 Ezinkulu Zokuqinisekisa Ukukhanya Kwasolwandle

Ukuqonda ukuthi yiziphi izinhlangano zezitifiketi ezibalulekile kanye nencazelo ethile yesitifiketi ngasinye kuyisiqalo esidingekayo sokwenza izinqumo zokuthengwa kwezibani zasolwandle eziqinisekisiwe.

I-ABS - Ihhovisi Lokuthumela LaseMelika

Indlunkulu yayo iseHouston, eTexas, e-United States, i-ABS ingenye yezinhlangano ezinkulu neziqashelwa kakhulu zokuhlela emhlabeni. Ukuvunyelwa kokukhanya kwasolwandle kwe-ABS kufezwa ngezinyathelo ezintathu: Ukuhlolwa Komklamo Womkhiqizo (PDA), Ukuhlolwa Komkhiqizi (MA) kanye Nokuqinisekiswa Kwekhwalithi Yomkhiqizo (PQA). Ngemva kokuba izinyathelo ezintathu seziqediwe, umkhiqizo uthola isimo " Sohlobo Oluvunyelwe " futhi ushicilelwa kusizindalwazi sokuvunyelwa kohlobo lwe-ABS.

Isitifiketi se-ABS PDA sisebenza isikhathi seminyaka emi-5 futhi singaphansi kokuvunyelwa minyaka yonke. Emikhumbini enesilinganiso se-ABS esebenza ngaphansi kwefulegi lase-US, imishini yayo yokukhanyisa kumele ibe yimfuneko ukuze ibambe imvume ye-ABS, futhi lokhu kuvunyelwa kwamukelwa kabanzi yizinhlangano eziningi zokuhlukanisa kanye nezifundazwe zamafulegi.

Isihloko Esihlobene: Siqinisekiswe yi-American Bureau Of Shipping ngo-2018

I-BV – Ihhovisi likaVeritas, eFrance

I-Bureau Veritas yasungulwa ngo-1828 e-Antwerp, eBelgium. Iyi-ejensi yokuhlola nokuqinisekisa yamazwe ngamazwe yaseFrance. Isitifiketi se-BV sinodumo olukhulu emakethe yaseYurophu, futhi umjikelezo wesitifiketi ungaba yizinyanga ezine. Kubakhiqizi bezibani zasolwandle abafuna ukungena emakethe yokuthumela yaseYurophu, ukuvunyelwa kohlobo lwe-BV kuyimfanelo ebaluleke kakhulu yenani lezentengiselwano ngemuva kwe-ISO 9001.

I-BV iphinde inikeze isitifiketi se-Wheelmark of the Marine Equipment Directive (MED) egameni le-European Union. Emikhumbini esebenza ngaphansi kwebhanela le-European Union kanye namazwe angamalungu e- European Free Trade Association (EFTA) , imishini yabo yokuphepha kumele ibambe uphawu.

I-CCS - Inhlangano Yokuhlukaniswa KwamaShayina

I-CCS iyinhlangano kazwelonke yokuhlukanisa yaseShayina futhi iyilungu eligcwele le- International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) . Isitifiketi se-CCS saziwa emhlabeni wonke, okubaluleke kakhulu emikhunjini esebenza emanzini aseShayina noma ephephezela ifulegi laseShayina. Isitifiketi semishini ye-CCS sinesikhathi sokusebenza seminyaka emi-5 futhi saziwa ngomjikelezo wesitifiketi osheshayo wezinyanga ezingaba zintathu okwenza ukuvunyelwa kohlobo lwe-CCS kube yindlela ebalulekile kubakhiqizi baseShayina yokuthola isitifiketi ngempumelelo. Kubathengi abathenga izibani zasolwandle kubakhiqizi baseShayina, isitifiketi se-CCS siwuphawu oluqondile kakhulu lokuthobela imithetho yomkhiqizo.

Isihloko Esihlobene: Siqinisekiswe yi-China Classification Society ngo-2020

I-DNV – I-Det Norske Veritas

Indlunkulu yayo eHøvik, eNorway, inabasebenzi ababalelwa ku-12,000 emahhovisi angu-350 emhlabeni jikelele, i-DNV ingenye yezinhlangano ezinkulu kakhulu zokuhlela emhlabeni. Ukuvunyelwa kohlobo lwe-DNV kuyimfuneko evamile yemikhumbi yefulegi eNyakatho Yurophu, eJalimane naseNetherlands futhi kubhekwa njengeziqu eziphezulu embonini kawoyela negesi yasogwini. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-DNV GL (manje okuqanjwe kabusha ngokuthi i-DNV) kuhlanganisa izinhlelo ezimbili zokuqinisekisa eziqine kakhulu emhlabeni, okwenza isitifiketi se-DNV sibe ukusekelwa okunamandla kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo ezimweni zokusetshenziswa ezidinga ubuchwepheshe.

Irejista ka-LR-Lloyd

I-Lloyd's Register yasungulwa eLondon ngo-1760 futhi yahlelwa kabusha ngokusemthethweni ngo-1834. Yiyona nhlangano endala kakhulu futhi ende kunazo zonke emhlabeni ehlukanisa izinhlobo zezimoto. Ukuvunyelwa kohlobo lwe-LR kubaluleke kakhulu emikhunjini esebenza e-UK, e-Commonwealth nakwamanye amazwe amaningi ase-Asia. Ngokuphathelene nezibani zokuhamba zasolwandle, ukuvunyelwa kohlobo lwe-LR kuhambisana nezindinganiso zokusebenza ze-IMO resolution MSC.253 (83) kanye nezidingo zokuhlolwa kwemvelo ze-IEC 60945.

I-RINA – Registro Italiano Navale

I-RINA yasungulwa eGenoa ngo-1861. Iyinhlangano yesizwe yase-Italy yokuhlela kanye neNhlangano Eqashelwe yi-EU (EU RO). Isebenza ngokwe-EU Regulation (EC) No. 391/2009. I-RINA ingakhipha isitifiketi sokugunyazwa kohlobo lwe-EU Mutual Recognition (MR), esamukelwa yizo zonke izinhlangano ze-EU Accreditation (EU ROs) futhi esisebenza emikhiqizweni efakwe emikhunjini yazo zonke izinhlangothi. I-RINA inelabhorethri yayo yokuhlola imishini yokuvikela umlilo kanye nokuqina kwemvelo. Inqubo yokugunyazwa kohlobo ifaka phakathi ukubuyekezwa kokudweba kanye nokuhlolwa kweprototype.

I-ISO 9001 + IEC 60945 – Uhlaka Lwezinga Lokukhiqiza kanye Nezinga Lokusebenza

Isitifiketi senhlangano yokuhlela siqinisekisa ukuthobela komkhiqizo, kuyilapho i-ISO 9001: 2015 kanye ne-IEC 60945 zakha uhlaka olubanzi lokuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa nokuhlolwa kokukhanya kwasolwandle.

I-ISO 9001: 2015 indinganiso yamazwe ngamazwe ye -Quality Management System (QMS). Umenzi uphethe lesi sitifiketi, okubonisa ukuthi inqubo yakhe yokukhiqiza isesimweni sokulawulwa okuqhubekayo - okuyimfuneko yokugcina noma yikuphi ukuvunyelwa kohlobo lomphakathi wokuhlela.

I-IEC 60945 iyindinganiso yamazwe ngamazwe ebeka izidingo ezijwayelekile kanye nezindlela zokuhlola zemishini yokuxhumana ngomsakazo kanye nemikhumbi, ehlanganisa okulandelayo:

• Ukuvumelana kwe-Electromagnetic (EMC)
• Ukuqina kwemvelo: izinga lokushisa elibi kakhulu, umswakama, inkungu kasawoti, ukudlidliza
• I-Ingress Protection (IP)
• Ukubekezelelana kokunikezwa kwamandla

Ukuhambisana ne-IEC 60945 kuyasetshenziswa ku-SOLAS futhi ngokuvamile kuyisimo esidingekayo ukuze kuvunyelwe uhlobo lwe-ABS, LR, DNV noma i-BV. 

Uhlobo Lokuvunyelwa Kwezibani Zasolwandle: Isebenza Kanjani Le Nqubo? 

Ukuvunyelwa kohlobo kuyindlela yokuqinisekisa ehlobene ngqo nomkhiqizi kanye nethimba lokuthenga, njengoba kuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umugqa womkhiqizo - hhayi isampula eyodwa - uhlangabezana nezindinganiso ezivunyiwe.

Inqubo yokugunyazwa kohlobo lwezibani zasolwandle ivame ukufaka izigaba ezilandelayo:

Isigaba 1: Ukuhlolwa Kwangaphambi Kokufaka Isicelo

Abakhiqizi babuyekeza imithetho yokuhlukanisa esebenzayo, izidingo ze-COLREG kanye nezindinganiso ze-IEC noma ze-IMO ezihlobene ukuze bathole izikhala phakathi kwezimfuneko zokuklama ezikhona kanye nesitifiketi.

Isigaba 2: Ukuhanjiswa Kwamadokhumenti Obuchwepheshe

Thumela imidwebo ephelele yobuchwepheshe, imininingwane yezinto ezibonakalayo, ama-schematics kanye nemibhalo yesistimu yekhwalithi enhlanganweni yokuhlukanisa ukuze ibukezwe ngobunjiniyela.

Isigaba 3: Ukuhlolwa Kwesibonelo

Lo modeli kumele uhlolwe ngokomzimba, okuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kokumelana nenkungu kasawoti kanye nokugqwala, ukuhlolwa kokujikeleza kokushisa, ukuhlolwa kokudlidliza, ukuhlolwa kwe-EMC ngokuhambisana ne-IEC 60945, kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-photometric ngokuhambisana nezidingo zomkhakha we-COLREG kanye namandla.

Isigaba 4 - Ukuhlolwa Kokukhiqiza

Umhloli wenhlangano yokuhlukanisa uya endaweni yokukhiqiza ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi uhlelo lokuphatha ikhwalithi (ngokuvamile i-ISO 9001) lukhona futhi inqubo yokukhiqiza ingaqhubeka nokubuyekeza umklamo ovunyiwe.

Isigaba 5: Ukukhishwa Kwesitifiketi

Uma sekuqediwe ngempumelelo izinyathelo ezingenhla, kuzokhishwa isitifiketi sokugunyazwa sohlobo oluvame ukusebenza iminyaka emithathu kuya kwemihlanu (kuye ngokuthi inhlangano ihlelwe kanjani): isitifiketi se-ABS PDA sisebenza iminyaka emihlanu; isitifiketi se-CCS sisebenza iminyaka emi-5; i-BV kanye nezinye izikhungo eziningi zineminyaka emine kuya kwemihlanu.

Isigaba 6: Ukugunyazwa Nokuvuselelwa Kwaminyaka Yonke

Isitifiketi kumele sivuselelwe njalo. Ngaphambi kokuphelelwa yisikhathi, kubalulekile ukuhlola kabusha amadokhumenti okuhlola kanye nobuchwepheshe ngaphambi kokukhipha isitifiketi esisha.

Ungayikhetha Kanjani I-Marine Light Eqinisekisiwe?

Ngemva kokwazi kahle uhlelo lokuqinisekisa, abathengi bangaguqula ulwazi lube yizinqumo zokuthenga zangempela.

Umhlahlandlela Wokusetshenziswa Kwemboni: Yiluphi Uhlobo Lokukhanya oludinga uhlobo luni lwesitifiketi?

Imikhumbi Yezimpahla Nezitsha Zezentengiselwano

Imikhumbi emikhulu yezentengiselwano esebenza emizileni yamazwe ngamazwe kumele ifakwe izibani zokuzulazula ezihambisana ngokuphelele nama-COLREG, okuhlanganisa isibani se-masthead, isibani esiseceleni, isibani sangemuva kanye nesibani se-anchor, futhi kumele iqashelwe yizinhlangano zokuhlela eziqashelwa yisifundazwe sefulegi. Emikhumbini engaphezu kwamamitha angu-50, isilawuli sesibani sokuzulazula kumele sihlangabezane nezidingo ze-SOLAS Isahluko II-1 ekunikezelweni kwamandla amabili kanye ne-alamu yebhuloho. Izibani ezingaqhumi kufanele zifakwe emakhabhini anomusi wempahla ovuthayo. Ngaphezu kokuqashelwa kokuhlukaniswa kwemikhumbi, izibani ezinjalo kumele futhi zibe nezitifiketi ze-ATEX (European Explosion-proof Certification) noma i-IECEx (International Explosion-proof Certification).

Amapulatifomu Angaphandle Kwamanzi Nokufakwa Kwamafutha Negesi

Izicelo zasemanzini yizimo ezidinga kakhulu isitifiketi sokukhanyisa kwasolwandle. Izibani ezifakwe ezindaweni eziyingozi (i-Zone 1 noma i-Zone 2 emkhathini oqhumayo) kumele zibambe kokubili ukuvunyelwa kwekilasi (ngokuvamile i-ABS noma i-DNV) kanye nesitifiketi esingavimbeli ukuqhuma se-ATEX/IECEx. Izibani zasemanzini kanye nezibani zokusesha kumele zimelane nokuguguleka okuqhubekayo kwamanzi anosawoti, umswakama ophezulu kanye nomthelela womshini. Izindinganiso zasemanzini ze-DNV kanye nemithetho yokwakha imikhumbi ye-ABS kanye nokwahlukaniswa yizinhlaka zokuhlukaniswa ezivame ukucashunwa kulo mkhakha.

Imikhumbi Yokudoba

Imikhumbi yokudoba kumele ihambisane neSivumelwano Samazwe Ngamazwe saseTorremolinos Sokuphepha Kwemikhumbi Yokudoba kanye nama-COLREG ngesikhathi esifanayo. Izibani zokuhamba kufanele zivunyelwe uhlobo yiziphathimandla ezifanele zeSifundazwe esifanele sefulegi; izibani (zokusetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokusebenza ngamanetha kanye nokudoba ngamanetha) kufanele zihlangabezane nezidingo zokuqina endaweni eqhubekayo yokucwiliswa emanzini anosawoti. Ngokusho kwamazwe ahlukene okubhalisa imikhumbi, amazwe amaningi efulegi amukela imvume yohlobo lwe-CCS, BV, LR noma ABS yemishini yemikhumbi yokudoba.

Izikebhe kanye Nemisebenzi Yokuzijabulisa 

Ezikebheni zokungcebeleka kanye nezikebhe zasolwandle, i-MED Wheelmark iyisitifiketi esaziwa kakhulu emanzini aseYurophu; emanzini ase-US, kuyadingeka ukuthola isitifiketi se-USCG (US Coast Guard, US Coast Guard) (ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso ezilinganayo ze-UL 1104 noma i-IMO MSC.253 (83). Izinga le-ABYC A-16 linikeza isiqondiso esengeziwe sokuzithandela sokufakwa kwezibani zokuzulazula zezikebhe ezincane. Nakuba umthwalo wokulawula emikhunjini yokungcebeleka uphansi kunemikhumbi yezohwebo, izidingo zokubonakala ze-COLREGs Rule 22 zisasebenza: izikebhe ezingaphansi kwamamitha ayi-12 ziyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izibani ziyabonakala okungenani imayela elilodwa lolwandle.

I-Bozhou Marine: Umkhiqizi Wezibani Zasemanzini Oqinisekisiwe

I-Bozhou marine ingumkhiqizi ochwepheshe wemikhiqizo yokukhanyisa yasolwandle, enendlunkulu yayo eYueqing City, eSifundazweni saseZhejiang, eShayina. Le nkampani inesitifiketi sokuphathwa kwekhwalithi se-ISO 9001: 2015 futhi ithole ukuvunyelwa kohlobo oluvela ezinhlanganweni eziningana zomhlaba wonke zokuhlukanisa, okuhlanganisa i-ABS, i-BV, i-CCS kanye ne-CECS, okuhlanganisa imigqa elandelayo ephelele yomkhiqizo:

• Izibani Zesignali Zokuzulazula Emanzini: Izinsika, izibani ze-port, izibani zangemuva kanye nezibani eziyindandatho ezihlangabezana nezidingo ze-COLREGs kanye ne-SOLAS.
• Izibani Ezingavimbeli Ukuqhuma Kwasolwandle: Ifanele ukufakwa ezindaweni eziyingozi zamathangi kawoyela kanye namapulatifomu asogwini lolwandle, enesitifiketi esingaqhumi.
• Izibani Nezibani Zezikhukhula Zasolwandle: Izibani ezisindayo zezinhlelo zokusebenza zezentengiselwano kanye nezolwandle.
• Marine Search Lights: Izibani eziqondisa izinto ezisebenza ngamandla amakhulu zokuzulazula ogwini kanye nokusebenza kwechweba.
• Izibani ze-Fluorescent zasemanzini kanye ne-Incandescent: Izibani ze-Marine Fluorescent kanye ne-Incandescent zokukhanyisa kwangaphakathi nangaphandle kwazo zonke izinhlobo zama-cabin.
• Izibani Zemikhumbi: Ihlonyiswe ngohlobo olufanele lwemikhiqizo yokuzijabulisa evunyelwe kanye nokukhanyisa izikebhe ezinkulu.

Iphothifoliyo yemikhiqizo yesitifiketi esiningi yeBozhou Marine isho ukuthi abathengi bangathenga uhla oluphelele lwemikhiqizo yokukhanyisa kumhlinzeki oyedwa ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni ukuhambisana nemithetho. Lokhu kuyinzuzo ebalulekile yochungechunge lokuphakelwa kwempahla yemikhumbi kanye nabanikazi bemikhumbi abadinga ukuphatha izidingo eziyinkimbinkimbi zesitifiketi emazweni amaningi efulegi.

Uma ithimba lokuthenga lidinga amadokhumenti esitifiketi semikhiqizo ethile, lingavakashela ngqo ikhasi leZitifiketi laseBozhou , futhi libheke amadokhumenti ohlobo lokugunyazwa ngesikhathi senqubo yokuhlola iziqu zomhlinzeki.

Isiphetho

Isitifiketi sokukhanya kwasolwandle siwukuhlangana kokuphepha, ukuthobela imithetho kanye nokwenzeka kwezentengiselwano, okubalulekile kubo bonke ababambe iqhaza ochungechungeni lokuhlinzekwa kwemishini yasolwandle. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumnikazi wemikhumbi ophethe imikhumbi eminingi, isikhulu sezokuphepha kwasolwandle esiphethe ukubuyekezwa kweziqu zabahlinzeki, noma umphathi wokuthengwa kwemikhumbi, ukuqonda okujulile kwezinhlangano ezi-7 zokuqinisekisa: i-ABS, i-BV, i-CCS, i-DNV, i-LR, i-RINA, kanye nohlaka olujwayelekile lwe-ISO/IEC kuzokunikeza isisekelo sokwenza izinqumo zokuthengwa ezinolwazi neziqinisekile. 

Nakuba inqubo yokugunyazwa kohlobo iqinile, iyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokuqinisekisa ukuthi lonke uchungechunge lomkhiqizo luhlangabezana nezidingo ze-SOLAS, i-COLREG kanye neziphathimandla zezwe elifulegi. Kubathengi, okubaluleke kakhulu kusobala kakhulu: fanisa umphakathi wokuhlukanisa nesimo sezwe elifulegi, uqinisekise ngokuzimela ukuthi isitifiketi sisebenza kahle, bese uqinisekisa ukuthi imodeli ethile yomkhiqizo - kunokuba nje iphothifoliyo yomkhiqizo iyonke yomhlinzeki - empeleni ingaphakathi kwesilinganiso sesitifiketi.

Iphothifoliyo ye-Bozhou marine enezitifiketi eziningi ze-ABS, BV, CCS kanye ne-ISO 9001: 2015 inikeza inketho enamandla yokuhlinzeka ngamathimba okuthenga afuna isitifiketi sokukhanyisa kwasolwandle, ngenkathi kugwenywa ubunzima bokuphatha abahlinzeki abaningi abangochwepheshe. Ukuze uthole imininingwane yobuchwepheshe, imibhalo yesitifiketi noma izingcaphuno zomkhiqizo, sicela uvakashele ku-bozhoumarine.com.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa